Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd)

Organization depiction Dubal is a significant producer and provider of aluminum items. The company’s mission is to be the main organization in worldwide aluminum creation. The organization additionally means to lead in advertising of aluminum items constantly 2020.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization is seen to be a significant provider of compound items to the car business. Additionally, the organization likewise supplies billet, foundry compounds to development, hardware and aviation businesses. The organization is additionally prestigious for creating water items through warm desalination. The company’s significant markets are found all inclusive, with China, Europe, North America and Middle East being significant market goals. Portrayal of activities Aluminum purifying This is the underlying aluminum creat ion process that includes extraction of aluminum from its oxide (Davis 1). This methodology happens in stages, where bauxite is transformed into Alumina and afterward through an aluminum smelter where it is inevitably transformed into aluminum. Crude material taking care of The organization acquires top notch materials from different pieces of the world. The organization sources crude materials like alumina, aluminum fluoride and calcined oil coke from Australia, India and the United States separately. Sourced imports go through Jebel Ali Port. This is on the grounds that the organization has storerooms for its crude materials at the port. Additionally, the organization import crude materials in mass and later vehicle the materials to the assembling plant by street big haulers. Carbon anode fabricating This is an on location producing process. The carbon anodes are fundamental for the electrolysis procedure utilized in aluminum decrease process (Kvande Haupin 29). Evidently, the org anization has the ability to deliver in excess of 380,000 carbon anodes annually.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Casting activities This is the last procedure of making aluminum. It involves throwing liquid aluminum and alloying the equivalent with magnesium, silicon and manganese. Throwing is significant in including metal properties like erosion opposition and quality (Kaufman Rooy 1). The company’s yearly throwing limit is 1.2 million tons of aluminum. Flexibly chains choices Dubal’s gracefully chain takes the configuration of a normal Porter’s esteem chain. Inbound coordinations Procured materials from Australia, India, and the United States go through Jebel Ali Port, where the organization has storerooms. The nearness of storerooms at the port is basic for steady supplies, stockpiling and transportation of materials. Tasks Main activities inside the company’s producing plant incorporate aluminum fabricating forms. Activity administrators settle on basic choices on the amount and nature of items fabricated. Outbound coordinations Operation directors are required to choose the method of transportation in conveying items and administrations. Choice on organization transport, re-appropriated transport is basic. Choices on dispersion channels and conveyance areas to the company’s outlets over the world are likewise basic. Promoting and deals Marketing and deals activities are comprehensively engaged. Activity administrators demand fabricating items that are naturally sensitive.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Operational Decision Making Dubal Company (Dubai Aluminum Ltd) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization utilizes the part of value as a promoting procedure in creating interest for its items. Furthermore, the consideration of ser ious costs for its items and administrations according to contenders has been vital in creating deals. Administration The organization prizes its relationship with the clients. In this regard, consistent correspondence with existing clients has been an authoritative culture. Also, the organization offers esteem extra administrations to the client who need conference on aluminum items and administrations. Obtainment This is a supporting action for the company’s flexibly chain essential exercises. Activity supervisors settle on re-appropriating choices dependent on providers and merchants comfort, unwavering quality and costs. Human asset the board Human asset work force are selected on benefits of abilities and skill. To guarantee that human asset is capable enough, the human asset chief persuades, sorts out continuous preparing and leads execution examination on staff individuals. Mechanical advancement The organization utilizes data correspondence frameworks, in tackling its tasks. Activity administrators have turned to utilizing Material Resource Planning (MRP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) programming in settling on basic choices on asset arranging and portions. Another type of data innovation utilized is Computer Aided Designs (CAD) for motivations behind assembling and large scale manufacturing. Foundation Operation chiefs need to decide the hierarchical structure of the organization. This implies basic emotionally supportive networks like bookkeeping, acquisition, transport, organization, showcasing, administrative and general administration are required.Advertising Searching for contextual analysis on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Authoritative emotionally supportive networks are basic in bridling the progression of data and activities inside the association. Operational choices Human assets and employment plan This activity choice requires recognizable proof of abilities required to deliver the company’s items and administrations. In this regard, choice hands on structure and prerequisite is indispensable before enrollment of staff. The enrollment procedure of human asset is likewise important to consider. This is on the grounds that a defective enlistment procedure may adversely influence the efficiency of the association. A choice on the best way to make the workplace positive for the representative is important in the wake of recruiting the worker. This implies the workplace ought not present wellbeing dangers to the representatives. Besides, a metal assembling condition is exceptionally perilous and requires the utilization of defensive apparatus while working. This ought to be given to all workers . This is basic in guaranteeing that assembling of items and administrations accomplishes quality objectives. Wages and compensations apportioned to workers ought to be sensible according to the sum or level of occupation allocated (Rynes Gerhart 16). An activity choice to choose the normal efficiency from workers is significant. In this regard, representative execution examination is important to decide if workers are conveying to their desires (Bowen Ostroff 217). This is the main way the organization can remain profoundly beneficial and serious among other modern players. Profitability Productivity can be estimated by finding the normal yield of the company’s laborers (Bloom Van Reneen 1362). This requires a unit of estimation. In this regard, the organization can utilize units of items created as a unit of estimation. When all is said in done, profitability will be dictated by all out units delivered corresponding to include utilized. Info is constantly spoken to as the m easure of work utilized. In an assembling organization like Dubal, yields are considered as laborers hours required in assembling a solitary unit item. So as to decide the creation cost of a solitary item unit and hours expected of the equivalent, all out paid hours in a month are isolated by the quantity of units delivered around the same time. Efficiency can be expanded through steady observing of activities and representatives (Johnson Peter 208). An innovative technique like the utilization of email observing is important in assessing employees’ participation to obligations. For this situation, representatives are to submit day by day or week by week provides details regarding work execution. Taking out interruptions, for example, pointless gatherings and sitting in front of the TV is likewise fundamental. Another approach to expand efficiency is designation of obligations or re-appropriating tasks (Young Johanna 141). Making a rundown of exercises that require need is ba sic. This makes it simpler for the activity director to orchestrate required apparatuses of work and measure of workforce required in finishing an occupation. Works Cited Bloom, Nicholas and Van Reenen, John. Estimating and clarifying administration rehearses across firms and nations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122.4 (2007): 1351-1408. Print. Bowen, E., David and Ostroff, Cheri. Understanding HRMâ€firm execution linkages: The job of the â€Å"strength† of the HRM framework. Institute of the executives audit 29.2 (2004): 203-221. Print. Davis, R., Joseph. Erosion of aluminum and aluminum amalgams. Arizona: ASM International, 1999. Print. Johnston, Robert and Peter Jones. Administration profitability: towards understanding the connection among operational and client efficiency. Universal Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 53.3 (2004): 201-213. Print. Kaufman, J., Gilbert and Rooy L., Elwin. Aluminum amalgam castings: properties, procedures and applica tions. Arizona: ASM International, 2004. Print. Kvande, Halvor and Haupin, Warren. Dormant anodes for AI smelters: Energy adjusts and natural effect. Jom 53.5 (2001): 29-33. Print. Rynes, L., Sara and Gerhart A., Barry. Remuneration in associations. New Jersey: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Print. Youthful, Suzanne and Macneil, Johanna. At the point when execution neglects to meet desires: managers’ targets for re-appropriating. The Economic and Labor Relations Review 11.1 (2000): 136-168. Print. This c

How Far Did the Position of Black Americans Improve in the Years 1945-1955?

The US military association in WW2 was to lastingly affect social equality and supremacist perspectives. The contention welcomed on numerous progressions that would feature African American social equality, for instance it made numerous employments for dark individuals, in the barrier business as well as to fulfill developing work need. Despite the fact that between 1945-1955 there was uncertainly progress made for the situation of dark Americans, there were additionally impediments to that progress. The number of inhabitants in urban areas in the north, for example, Detroit developed drastically as dark individuals relocated during the war. In spite of the fact that there was significantly greater accessibility of work for African American’s, they would frequently discover they were victimized, for example not accepting equivalent compensation to white laborers. Bosses would as a rule utilize the rule ‘Last to be recruited, first to be terminated. ’ It was an irregularity for African Americans to be advanced as when they it would follow with walk outs and mobs from white laborers. So as to forestall the walk on Washington development, President Roosevelt consented to set up the Fair Employment Practices Commission so as to oblige equivalent open doors for dark individuals in protection industry occupations. This additionally prompted increment in labor employments, there was a 25% expansion in African Americans working in the iron and steel industry. The numbers utilized in taxpayer supported organization expanded from 50,000 to 200,000. Anyway it had its constraints, railways for the most part wouldn't recruit dark individuals and in the Deep South bias stayed on business issues. The NAACP crusaded to challenge the ‘Plessy v. Ferguson’ principle. Imbalance was effortlessly seen in training. For instance inquire about indicated that the student educator proportion was 20% preferable in white schools over in back, notwithstanding this white instructors by and large receiveda a lot bigger pay in contrast with a dark educator. The NAACP continued to sue in the interest of dark understudies, which inevitably bringing about the ‘Brown v. Leading body of Education’ lawful case. Following the Brown case, Earl Warren who was the present Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, concurred that not exclusively was isolation in instruction dampening for African Americans, yet isolation as a rule as well. Anyway this worked up fight in the south. The White Citizens chamber framed the ‘Southern Manifesto’ so as to battle the earthy colored case. There was likewise moderate advancement to the combination of government funded schools as The Supreme Court had not set a period limit, rather it had expressed movement to e finished with ‘deliberate speed. ’ There was likewise no activity upheld by President Eisenhower who was hesitant to abstain from blending further resistance. Inside and out, there was progress in financial status for African Americans. Because of the formation of worker's organizations and extremist gatherings, something was at last being done about imbalance for Blacks. Anyway this delicate activity was regularly confronted with commanding restriction, or just insufficient being done, consequently obstructing progress.

How Your Habits Can Help Determine Your Success and Potential

How Your Habits Can Help Determine Your Success and Potential Everyone wants to achieve something. Every person has aspirations, be those short or long term ones.We all strive towards something and do many things in order to achieve it.Almost always, these tendencies require us to give them time to be realized and to dedicate our energy to them. The process becomes an integral part of our lives.How do we make this happen?They are an indivisible part of our lives, but so are our habits.Are they in any way connected?Can our habits determine our success and potential?Yes, they are!And yes, they can!Read on to find out more.WHAT IS SUCCESS?What is a success?Take a moment and think about this.Are you successful? If you are, what is your proud accomplishment? If you are not, what is it that you need to fulfill in order to feel this way? Who is the successful person you look up to?Let us deal with the question of what is a success in the first place.The answers vary substantially from one to another person. For some, success implies business or financ ial success.For others, it is their possessions. For yet others, it is having a balance between work and private life. ­â€˜The survey, which was conducted by Ipsos on behalf of Strayer, interviewed 2,011 Americans ages 18 and up and found that 67% of surveyed Americans associate success with achieving personal goals; 66% cited good relationships with friends and family; and 60% said loving what you do for a living.’‘When it comes to our careers and our views on success, we are less materialistic than you might expect, with just 24% of Britons measuring their success by the things they own and only 33% of us thinking that fulfillment in life is achieving a prominent position in your career.85% of respondents in Britain think it is more important to have a good work-life balance than to have a successful career, a massive difference from emerging markets.’CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUCCESSFUL PERSONDespite the subjective understanding of the term success, all the people who share this quality have some traits in common.If you want to be successful, you should include these in your personality kit.Note that these are not innate â€" even if you feel that you don’t have some of these traits, it is only a matter of practice and making them a regular part of your everyday life.1. Aspiration and Motivation to SucceedAt every moment in life, you should have one or more goals you want to achieve. These aspirations will keep you on your toes and give you a clear view into the future.They are the checkpoints, which will lead to the ultimate goal of reaching the wanted success.It is advisable never to lose motivation. If you feel that your aspirations are fading or that your motivation is melting away, try applying a small change to your goals.You can do this by switching the direction in which you are going at the moment or breaking your immediate goal into a few smaller ones which are easier to achieve.2. Willingness to ChangeA person with this drive is always ready to grow professionally and personally.Gaining new skills and knowledge which are helpful in obtaining the position you want are crucial for success.You should be open to tasks which are not what you expected.Reaching such an obstacle is a good opportunity for you to grow. You grow in the field you are pursuing by managing a newfound problem, learning a new skill, or gaining new knowledge.You also grow as a person â€" you learn to deal with a new situation and to remain calm and collected in the face of stress and pressure.3. Taking RisksA person who takes risks is always on the lookout for new and better opportunities.These often seem unsafe and uncertain.However, if you want to achieve success, it is sometimes necessary to take a leap of faith and dive into the unknown.Even if the odds are not on your side, this is not the reason to give up without even trying.If you have enough knowledge of the field, you are in, or if you have enough trust in people around you, it is acceptable to give it a try.It can be anything between accepting a surprising job opportunity and being unexpectedly honest with a close person.4. DisciplineBeing disciplined is one of the most important characteristics of a successful person.Achieving success is a matter of hard work, and no hard work is effective (or efficient, for that matter) without self-discipline.Having a timetable, a schedule, or a plan in front of you, gives every task, be it the smallest one, a sense of purpose, and following that plan is a sure step towards great success.People with a high level of self-discipline are always focused on their goals. They don’t waste time and also have enough time for the planned activities.5. Decisiveness and Not Giving UpStrong will leads the way to success. If you want to stay on this path, it is inevitable to make decisions. Some of them are easy; others are hard; some of them are right, other ones are wrong. But all of them are necessary.When hard times come, your first instinct u sually tells you to run, to avoid unpleasant situations. However, if you manage to dodge this very instinct, you will grow as a person and as a leader. Not giving up is another key to success.Successful entrepreneurs are those whom you should look up to. If you know any one of them, have a chat with them, and they will surely give you very useful pieces of advice.SUCCESS AND HABITS?What are habits in the first place?They are the activities that you do almost or completely without thinking about them.Not paying conscious attention to the steps that you take in order to complete these activities makes room in your brain for thinking about other things while you perform them.Although this is a good thing, it has a bad side. If you want to change a habit, it is not easy because the neural pathways which are formed with those habits are very hard to be replaced.Nevertheless, it is possible! Where there’s a will, there’s a way!So, how is becoming and being successful related to your e veryday habits? What role do your habits have in you reaching your potential?The answer is that they surely are extremely significant. They shape your life and your personality. And by that, they shape your future accomplishments.Whether they are acquired earlier or later in life, imposed by an external factor or by your own self, habits can help you to determine and achieve your full potential and to succeed in life.The nature of habitual activities divides them into three groups: motor, intellectual, and habits of character.Motor habits are those related to your movement and posture, e.g. your posture, how and how much you sit, stand, or exercise.Intellectual habits are those connected with the psychological processes in your brain, i.e. observation, perception, logical thinking, reasoning, etc. The last group, habits of character, are those which originate in your personal traits.Examples of those are helping a person in need, cleaning the room/house, time management, polite comm unication, working hard (or hardly working, ha?).Let’s discuss examples of these and the ways they influence your success. You may use the following items to check your potential and what are the habits you might want to include in your everyday life. Do You Have Enough Sleep?We all know that healthy sleep has many merits. To begin with, let’s define healthy sleep. It is important to bear in mind that this varies with each person. Basically, we will take that an average healthy sleep is 7-9 hours during nighttime.We should consider the health benefits of healthy sleep briefly.Regular sleep regenerates your body. It improves your immune system. It lowers your blood pressure and keeps your heart healthy. It helps you maintain your weight.Another set of benefits is related to your brain functions.This is where your potential chances of success lie. People who sleep well are in a better mood. They have the physical and mental strength to work. Their concentration is good.If you get a healthy sleep every night, your body will be prepared to give effort and to deal well with stress and strain. So, let me ask you one more time â€" do you get enough sleep?Exercise RegularlyIt is a fact well known that physical exercise is a mandatory part of everyone’s life. It brings much good to your body â€" healthy weight, muscle strength, heart work and blood pressure normalization.But what we would actually like to discuss here is the effect of exercise on our minds.First and foremost, doing something physical helps you relieve negative energy, stress, anger, anxiety.It calms you down; your mind is reset after a workout. You are able to think clearly and more objectively.A person who doesn’t work out may have difficulties lowering their stress level.Exercise is a healthy way to do this.So, ask yourself this question â€" do I exercise enough?Between two and three hours of working out a week is the perfect amount for an average adult.You will agree that it is not an amount of time you cannot set aside for some enjoyable activity.Exercise leads to good sleep, and these together contribute to your physical and mental health substantially.If you do these, you will surely have enough strength and concentration to dedicate to your goals.Eat HealthyLet us skip the discussion of why good nutrition is good for your physical wellbeing and focus on its impact on your mental health. We will not shower you with statistics and research here.We would just like to connect this with the former two items and think reasonably about why you should follow a healthy diet if you want to be successful.Eating healthy gives you enough energy and the needed nutrients for your body to function well.Combine that with exercise and good sleep, and you will be a strong and healthy person capable of fulfilling anything you want.You may know from your own experience that when you miss out on only one of these three, you become way less productive, which in turn lowers your chances o f achieving your goals.So can you check all three items?Set Goals RegularlyHow many times have you said: “He/she knows what he/she wants in his/her life”?Well, so should you.Smart people always have a certain goal they are pursuing.And what’s more, it is not only this one thing they are trying to achieve, but it is a multitude of smaller, seemingly less significant goals which will eventually lead to the biggest one.When one goal is achieved, another one is set. In this way, you won’t lack motivation, and you will have a sense of achievement.So, do you have any goals towards which you are striving? If not, get one right now!It is not bad to dream big.Just try to imagine a path to your dream and walk it one step at a time, one small accomplishment followed by another.You will slowly develop a habit of setting a goal for yourself, and after every step, you will be closer to your dream.Work on Your Self-ImprovementAchievement is only possible through self-growth. You can grow i n many ways.For example, you can read books from your area of interest. You can take classes and learn a new skill. You can say yes to an exciting opportunity.Every new experience is a chance to become a better person.Every new experience changes you. And every change can be for the better; even if it doesn’t seem so at first sight, you can make it worthy.Ask yourself: “Did I have a learning opportunity yesterday? What will I do for my own growth today?”Don’t miss out on this. Even a thing as simple as learning a new keyboard shortcut makes you more knowledgeable.And imagine this â€" only one new information a day makes you 365 pieces of information richer at the end of the year!Hence, the habit of working on your own self is definitely something that should be a part of our lives.Practice Self-DisciplineThis habit seems quite easy â€" make a to-do list and follow it. You will be organized, have time for your activities, and not waste any time. Do you have this habit?Many pe ople wish to do this successfully but don’t. Are you one of them?A person who is successful in their job must have their work well-planned.The plan ought to unfold and business functions. This can be learnt when you start work; it is hard that way, though.But if you do this (more or less strictly) at home, without the pressure of your boss or deadlines, it is only then that you show having true potential to be successful in life.Nothing comes from being lazy; success comes from being organized, and for that matter, you present yourself as a reliable person with whom others want to cooperate.Don’t Give Up EasilyAt the beginning of this text, you read about the characteristic of not giving up.Well, we could certainly consider it a habit as well. There are people who are used to quitting after the first failure.But do you think that these people can achieve anything with such an attitude?Where would you be now if you had given up every time you failed at something? Our guess would be: at the very beginning of the road.Some people are more persistent, some less. It is up to you to find your optimal moment when you will stop trying.However, it is good to push the limit a little further every time you encounter a new challenge.Give it one more try!Will it hurt?No, but it could work!Give Yourself a BreakOne of the most important habits, one that many people ignore or forget, is making a pause. Sometimes enough is enough. Sometimes you just need to let go of everything and relax.Do you do this? Do you have a guilty conscience then? Do you feel that you should be working instead of resting?By the way, when we say rest, it can range from a 5-minute break during work rush or a 2-week vacation in a 5-star hotel.Everyone needs a break sometimes. It is critical that you learn to recognize when you have reached your limit and are in dire need of a pause. At that moment, just let go.Take the time you need to refresh, and you will see, the work will continue smoothly, and you will be as fresh as a daisy!If you don’t have this habit, make sure to start it as soon as possible! We sure will!HOW GOOD IS YOUR RAPPORT WITH OTHER PEOPLE?“Man is a social animal,” Aristotle said. Yes, he is right. You cannot achieve anything without other people.Hence, it is crucial for you to be able to maintain an excellent relationship with people from your surroundings.This is not as hard as it may seem. Think: do you smile at the cashier in the supermarket? Do you say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’? These small pleasantries are the sole basis for successful communication. Everything else is building upon that.Taking an interest in what someone is telling you shows that you are a people’s person. Such people are very respected by others.Such people are wanted for collaboration.No one wants to see a frowning face or listen to someone constantly talking about themself.This is a skill, a habit also. It can be incorporated into your everyday life. Bear that in mind next time when you wait in a long line at the cash register.A simple ‘Have a nice day’ said to the cashier will make both your day and theirs.Express Your CreativityCreative, imaginative, innovative people are those who succeed.Today’s world is in need of people like that. Are you one of those? Even if you think you are not, it is not impossible to become one.If you do something for your own enjoyment, it will make you happy. Try painting or drawing. Try writing. No one needs to see it. It does not have to be a work of art. Just enjoy the process!Doing creative work frees your mind from worries and stress. It is the same when you exercise â€" you relieve the pressure and prepare yourself for future mental strain. If you don’t believe us, try it yourself!Every person is creative in their own way. Having a habit of creating something (even if you will throw it right after it is finished) triggers special processes in the brain, and who knows, maybe you will come up with an exc eptional idea for your shoe store commercial while drawing an African elephant! FINAL WORDEvery person should strive for some kind of success. Most people do. Find what you want to accomplish in your life and go for it! But be prepared to fight.The first step to realizing your potential is getting into good habits. They are a good indicator of how successful you may become.The path to success is paved with hard work and good habits. If you have a healthy and colorful lifestyle, if you are self-disciplined, if you have all or most of the above-described habits, you are in for a life of success!

School Of Business And Computer Science - 1138 Words

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE CENTRE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING (CITE) B.ENG (HONS) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY Course : Advanced Computer Aided Systems (Electrical) Lecturer : Daniel Ringis WS3 : PCB Manufacture Submitted by : Valmiki Singh (26908) Task 1 a. Dry Film Resist Coating material to mask a copper pattern that is designed for a printed circuit board to accommodate the etching and solder. b. Clean room A room in which the concentration of air born particles is controlled to lessen the effect dust has on imaging. c. Photoplot The product of scanning imaging data onto films. Referred to as artwork, and are required for PCB fabrication. d. 2oz Copper The weight of copper present in one sqft. of area on the PCB. 2oz indicates the overall thickness of copper on the walls. e. Panelling The process in manufacturing which uses a large base material containing more than one circuit patterns which is extracted to smaller boards after the manufacture process. f. CNC Drilling Computer numerical control drilling, is a system that uses computers and software to automate drilling. g. Lamination The process of bonding together two or more layers of materials with the use of heat and pressure. h. Etching The process of selectively removing undesired or unwanted copper areas from the surface of a PCB by means of chemical action. i. Registration holes Holes punched on the PCB that is used toShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Technology Advancements in Society837 Words   |  3 Pagesis the computer. The computer has unquestionably impacted popular culture in America. After the Industrial Revolution, the computer age developed. 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Alzheimers Disease Symptoms, Stages, Causes and Treatments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2025 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The brain is a significant and complex organ with a vast array of roles necessary for sustaining human life. Some of these include cognitive functions, homeostatic regulatory responsibilities, motor controls, and sensory information reception. While the human brain has numerous capabilities essential to life, a wide range of neurological disorders can impede these, causing a variety of potentially fatal diseases, such as Alzheimers disease. German physician Dr. Alois Alzheimer first described Alzheimers disease as presenile dementia in 1906. Now known to be a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for nearly 35 million cases globally (Martorelli, et al.). In the United States today, it is speculated that someone develops Alzheimers disease every 66 seconds, however in 2050, a new case of Alzheimers is expected to develop in as little as every 33 seconds (Alzheimers Association). Subsequently, since Alzheimers disease has become much more widespread, it has also become much more fatal. As of 2014, in the United States alone, the disease was reportedly responsible for approximately 85,000 deaths. Moreover, during the years 2000 to 2013, the number of deaths caused by Alzheimers disease increased by over 71%, while mortality caused by stroke, heart disease, and prostate cancer actually decreased by 23%, 14%, and 11%, respectively (Alzheimers Association). However, it is important to suggest that these mortality statistics may be greatly underestimated since death certificates may list other complications as causes of death, rather than the underlying Alzheimers disease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimers Disease: Symptoms, Stages, Causes and Treatments" essay for you Create order Additionally, a key aspect of the surging prevalence of Alzheimers disease as a fatal disorder is that it is only intensifying with increasing longevity in humans. For example, in his article Pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease, Dr. Russell Swerdlow, the Director of the University of Kansas Alzheimers Disease Center and the KUMC Neurodegenerative Disorders Program, references a survey of brains from persons over the age of 85 that all showed evidence having at least some degree of Alzheimers disease. He states that therefore, it is worth considering that at some point in the aging continuum, Alzheimers disease ceases to become a disease because it becomes a norm. Thus, as the facts and statistics stated above may imply, Alzheimers disease is becoming a widespread disease characterized as much more than the memory loss commonly associated with it. Unfortunately, however, the diagnosis of Alzheimers disease is primarily reliant on observations of cognitive and functional decline (Martorelli, et al.). These symptoms include: agnosia, the loss of perceptual ability regarding the interpretation of sensory perceptions; apraxia, the inability to understand the meaning or appropriate use of things; and dysphasia, the failure to arrange words in a meaningful manner (Martone and Piotrowski). Therefore, due to the complexity and extent of the neurological deficits that which it causes, Alzheimers disease is typically terminal once it has finally been diagnosed. In addition to its inability to be diagnosed through practical medical testing, Alzheimers disease is even more so fatal as a result of the uncertainty behind its physiological causes and the lac k of a known cure. Causes An early feature of Alzheimers disease is synaptic loss that renders neurons dysfunctional and prone to irreversible death, ultimately precipitating the severe brain atrophy and cognitive impairment observed in later stages of the disease (Seddighi, et al.). Simply put, Alzheimers disease causes the volume of the brain the shrink considerably. However, there are several hypotheses as to why this happens. The most well-known theory, the amyloid cascade hypothesis, has been the mainstream concept underlying Alzheimers disease research for more than 20 years (Kametani and Hasegawa). Usually resulting from genetic mutations on chromosome 21, this hypothesis states that various pathological changes occur in response to abnormally increased concentrations of beta-amyloid protein (Widmaier, et al). This protein is derived from its much larger precursor, the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), by two proteases, beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. Specifically, a mutation in two amino acids (lysine and methionine mutated to asparagine and leucine) of APP adjacent to the beta-secretase site is known to increase beta-secretase activity and thus, beta-amyloid protein production (Martone and Piotrowski). In addition to mutations affecting chromosome 21, the specific mutations of the genes presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 associated with chromosomes 14 and 1, respectively, also result in the increased production of the beta-amyloid protein. Alternatively, this protein is the much larger and more pathogenic version, which is known as the beta-amyloid protein 42 (Martone and Piotrowski). Because of this, the two presenilin mutations usually trigger an early onset of Alzheimers disease, and presenilin 1, specifically, can even occur in patients as early as age 30. Therefore, it can be inferred that Alzheimers disease caused by mutation of the presenilin 1 gene is characterized as being far more malignant than the other forms of the disease. Not only is this due to its extraordinarily early onset, but it also is the result of its increased aggression characterized by the abundance of amyloid plaques in more detrimental regions of the brain, such as the cerebellum (Martone and Piotrowski). As stated previously, the increase in beta-amyloid protein production results in a triad of of pathological changes, including the formations of senile plaques, amyloid angiopathy, and neurofibrillary tangles. To elaborate, senile plaques consist of amyloid deposits surrounded by dystrophic neurons, while amyloid angiopathy is the presence of the same deposits within the brain vasculature. Neurofibrillary tangles, on the other hand, are simply tangled fibrillary protein aggregates within nerve cells of the brain, but, however, these components have drawn quite a bit of attention lately (Martone and Piotrowski). Some scientists have begun to develop a new hypothesis focusing on the neurofibrillary tangles as the basis of their Alzheimers research. Neurofibrillary tangles specifically contain abnormally configured and excessively phosphorylated tau protein. This is significant because in most differentiated cells, tau is generally unphosphorylated and is responsible for associating with microtubules to form a permanent cytoskeleton (Swerdlow). The human tau gene is localized on chromosome 17, and as the result of mRNA alternative splicing, it has six known isoforms expressed in the adult human brain. In other neurodegenerative disorders, such as frontotemporal dementia, mutations associated with the tau gene result in either protein accumulation, which causes neuronal degeneration, or impairment of microtubule regulation, ultimately leading to extensive cell damage (Kametani and Hasegawa). Furthermore, recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown that the spatial patterns of t au tracer binding are closely linked to the patterns of neurodegeneration and clinical presentation in Alzheimers disease patients (Kametani and Hasegawa). In addition, tau lesions in the brain have also been shown to occur earlier than beta-amyloid protein deposits. Therefore, it is believed that Alzheimers disease progression is more reliant on tau pathology than amplified beta-amyloid protein production (Kametani and Hasegawa). Somewhat humorously, there has been a long-standing debate regarding the significance of the pathological findings in Alzheimers disease. This argument has questioned whether beta-amyloid-protein-associated pathology or the tau-protein-associated pathology is the primary lesion in the disease, which therefore has divided investigators into baptist and aoist camps (Martone and Piotrowski). For example, on one hand, some may argue that the amyloid plaques are a result neurodegenerative processes, such as normal aging or neurofibrillary tangle-associated neuronal degeneration, rather than their cause. On the other hand, however, others may argue that there have been no direct links between the genetics of Alzheimers disease and the tau protein, even though a mutation has been identified in tau when its associated with non-Alzheimers dementia, or frontotemporal dementia (Martone and Piotrowski). Nevertheless, outside of this debate an additional theory, the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, has recently arose. This idea assumes that similar physiological mechanisms underlie both Alzheimers disease and common brain aging. More importantly, it postulates that since Alzheimers disease mitochondrial dysfunction is systemic, it cannot be a consequence of neurodegeneration (Swerdlow). In contrast to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which is based on studies of rare, autosomal-dominant mutants, this proposal looks to determine the causes of common late-onset, sporadic Alzheimers disease. In this model, the makeup of an individuals electron-transport chain is inherited and gene-specific. The chain sets basal rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which therefore determines the rate at which mitochondrial damage occurs. As a result, oxidative mitochondrial DNA, RNA, lipid, and protein damage amplifies ROS production and triggers three events (Swerdlow and Khan). First, it signals a reset response in which cells respond to the elevated ROS by generating the beta-amyloid protein, which further impedes mitochondrial function. Then, it prompts a removal response in which compromised cells are disposed of through apoptosis mechanism, and finally, it generates a replace response in which neuronal progenitors unsuccessfully attempt to re-enter the cell cycle, which results in aneuploidy, tau phosphorylation, and neurofibrillary tangle formation (Swerdlow and Khan). Ultimately, the probable causes of Alzheimers disease all converge at one main idea: Alzheimers disease is the direct result of neuronal degeneration and decreased synaptic density due to some sort of protein accumulation within the tissues of the brain. Therefore, due to neuronal death, there is a widespread decline in various neurotransmitter-containing cell bodies of the brain. However, the most consistent losses throughout the progression Alzheimers disease are that of the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (Mufson, et al). Despite this congruence, however, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration, and therefore the subsequent acetylcholine deficits, in Alzheimers disease is crucial for rationally designing neuroprotective agents capable of preventing the disease progression (Coimbra, et al.). Treatments Currently, the treatment options available for patients with Alzheimers disease are primarily palliative options that only address and temporarily alleviate symptoms of the disease. Some of the most common treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and tacrine, to name a few (Martone and Piotrowski). By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, these agents therefore inhibit the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is commonly reduced in individuals with Alzheimers disease due to neuronal degeneration (Widmaier, et al.). In addition, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are also commonly prescribed in order to limit any inflammatory responses in the brain that may have been caused by any neurotoxic effects of the accumulation of the beta-amyloid protein (Martone and Piotrowski). Furthermore, because of the limited effects of pharmacological treatments, the use of psychological and psychosocial interventions has become increasingly popular in recent years. This method, known as cognition-focused intervention is commonly partitioned into three separate approaches: cognitive stimulation (CS), cognitive training (CT), and cognitive rehabilitation (CR). In short, CS aims to enhance cognitive function through participation in a set of activities that engage mental processes, CT aims to improve specific cognitive functions through a set of standardized tasks with guided practice, and CR aims to address the impact of cognitive impairment of everyday functional ability in order to reduce disability and improve functioning in specific activities of daily living (Oltra-Cucarella). More importantly, in order to better the lives of those afflicted and to decrease the overall mortality rate caused by Alzheimers disease, research on new possible treatments is underway. For example, several groups of researchers worldwide are actively attempting to discover and develop beta-secretase inhibitors in order to limit the proteolytic processing of APP that subsequently produces beta-amyloid protein (Coimbra). Thus, by inhibiting the accumulation of this protein, these potential cures could stop the progression of Alzheimers disease in its tracks. As a result, not only would this hypothetical cure improve the quality of life for those afflicted with Alzheimers disease, but it would also increase the chance of prolonged survival. Conclusion Although Alzheimers disease was first characterized in 1906, we, as humans, still have much to learn about the neurodegenerative disorder, even over 110 years later. Despite having a plethora of possible genetic causes, this disorder is generally classified as a progressive neurodegenerative disease. On the surface, Alzheimers disease seems as though it is simply portrayed as memory loss due to a net shrinkage in brain volume. However, this is far from the truth. Alzheimers disease is characterized by neurological degeneration and degradation caused by protein accumulation, whether it be beta-amyloid plaques or tau protein. As a result, this disease is associated with a variety of cognitive deficits, including agnosia, apraxia, and dysphasia, and it typically results in fatality. In summary, Alzheimers disease research is incredibly significant to the lives of over 30 million people affected worldwide, making it one of the leading causes of death across the globe.

The Birth of Samples of Essay for Aveda Institute

The Birth of Samples of Essay for Aveda Institute Samples of Essay for Aveda Institute - Dead or Alive? The flexibility of taking days off so long as you tell them beforehand. This will make the entire task effective and not as intimidating. Consider what schools you're interested in applying to at least one year before the deadline they set for their applications. I'd like to explore how they're made, how they're structured, and the way in which they work. This paragraph supports the notion that micaela. The crucial style of an essay must be retained even though the contents are likely to have a good deal of references to statistical data together with graphical charts. It is preferable to compose an immediate introduction instead of starting it using a quote. Your introduction ought to be the shortest aspect of your letter of intent. The demand for artistic talent is excellent and growing each and every day. 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Marketing strategy for GE Healthcare-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss, analyze and answer the case study of GE Healthcare's Pocket-Sized Imaging Device. Answer: Discussion of introduction of Vscan and analysis that is it a disruptive innovation or not Disruptive innovation refers to the innovation of a product in market, which affects the sales of an existing product in a market (King and Baatartogtokh 2015). In the context of GE Healthcare they have introduced Vscan device that is a powerful ultrasound technology. The size of this equipment is as like as a smart phone. This is very helpful for the primary care physician to diagnose gallstone, fluid on the heart and the way of heart pumping. This device is easy to carry from one room to another room. This provides the physician high imaging capabilities while they diagnose the patients. However, Vscan creates a new market and the new value network for GE Healthcare. This technology derived from the strategic viewpoints of GE Healthcare, which is termed as healthymagination. Therefore, this new technology replaces the position stethoscope and expensive ultrasound consol. Thus, it affects the existing market of the healthcare equipments those have similar functions like Vscan. Hence , it can be said that Introduction of Vscan is a disruptive innovation in the context of GE Healthcare. Lunching of the Vsacn by GE Healthcare is a disruptive innovation as it hampers the present market value of an existing product. Often innovation of new products replaces the products having similar functions (Wan et al. 2015). As per the given scenario, GE Healthcare has decided to invest $6 billion to improve the efficiency of the Vscan. $8000 Vscan device consists of the equivalent image quality of expensive midrange ultrasound console device. Hence, innovation of Vscan cannibalizes the sales of high priced imaging equipment that are produced by GE Healthcare. Marketing strategy for GE Healthcare to enhance the adoption of Vscan in US and global market Implementation of the diffusion of innovation is an effective marketing strategy for the organization to boost the adoption process of their new product (Cusumano et al. 2015). In the context of GE Healthcare incorporation of the diffusion of the innovation strategy regarding Vscan technology will be great approach to speed the adoption of such product in the global market. In US the people adopt the products by analyzing its benefits. Hence, the diffusion innovation strategy will be effective for GE Healthcare to convey the detail of their product to the target audience. Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation and confirmation are the five major steps of such strategy. In the knowledge stage the marketers will create the awareness among the audience regarding the product (Heidenreich and Kraemer 2016). Therefore, in the persuasion stage the GE Healthcare can understand the perspective of the audience in the global market. Therefore, in the decision stage they reveal the decision of the adaptors and then they implement the marketing process for this product. In the final stage of this strategy that is the confirmation stage GE Healthcare can understand the behavior or attitude of the adopter regarding their new product Vscan. If they are able to implement each stage of this strategy then they can offer the new Vscan products with advanced features based on the customers needs. As a result, it will be adopted in the US as well as in the global market. References Cusumano, M.A., Kahl, S.J. and Suarez, F.F., 2015. Services, industry evolution, and the competitive strategies of product firms.Strategic management journal,36(4), pp.559-575. Heidenreich, S. and Kraemer, T., 2016. Innovationsdoomed to fail? Investigating strategies to overcome passive innovation resistance.Journal of Product Innovation Management,33(3), pp.277-297. King, A.A. and Baatartogtokh, B., 2015. How useful is the theory of disruptive innovation?.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), p.77. Wan, F., Williamson, P.J. and Yin, E., 2015. Antecedents and implications of disruptive innovation: Evidence from China.Technovation,39, pp.94-104

Why Graph Databases Make a Better Home for Interconnected Data Than the Relational Databases

Why Graph Databases Make a Better Home for Interconnected Data Than the Relational Databases? With the advancements in computing technologies and the increasing processing power of machines, the necessity to shoehorn data into predefined structures is being gradually replaced by the ability to build models that can accommodate the organic growth and evolving nature of data.Systems become more and more sophisticated in representing our messy world and the interconnections we live by in it. The richer our databases get and the better (more expressive) the connections of the data items in them, the deeper our analysis and the bigger our potential to understand, manage and create processes to move our business forward.That said, having the best home for your data is a must. It is to be a space where data items not only live together but also are understood and used accordingly for insights into the relationships they exist in. Relationships expressed with tables, lots of tables: Relational DatabasesFor many years relational databases have been the dominant database choice for data storage and retrieval. The relational model stores data in tables, with rows representing instances of entities and columns representing the values attributed to each entity.For example, if you want to express that Fred, Wilma and Pebbles Flintstone, together with the notorious Bamm-Bamm Rubble are instances of the entity Person and live in the instance of City Bedrock, you can do that with the following table, where you will describe these relationships: As things change with time, and the number and the variety of relationships grow, you will need additional tables. For the newly occurred relationships to be expressed, you will create more and more tables.In relational databases, references (i.e., connections) to other rows and tables are made with the help of the so-called JOINs. This means that in order to connect an entity from one table to another, you create a third table, which matches the records from both tables.For instance, in order to express that Pebbles Flintstone became Bamm-Bamm’s wife, another table has to be created. This will be a junction table, representing Bamm-Bamm (Person.014) as an instance of the entity Husband and Pebbles (Person.013) as an instance of the entity Wife. Any other relationships you might want to add would need to be explicitly described in a table, which refers to the first table you’ve created. That is, if you want to also express that Fred (Person.011) and Wilma (Person.012) are Pebble’s (Person.013) parents, you will have to do that with yet another JOIN where Fred and Wilma are instances of the entity Parent and Pebbles is an instance of the entity Child: It is only with all these additional, explicitly expressed relationships that you will be able to use the data above to find the answer of more complex queries, such as: In which city does the child of Fred live? or Who is Bamm-Bamm’s wife or Where does the father of Bamm-Bamm’s wife live?.Needless to say, such relational representations are suitable for simple data models and connections that fit into a tabular format. They are perfectly fine for financial records, inventories, lists of students, etc. When it comes to mapping complex networks of relationships, though, the processes of joining are most often than not inefficient, time-consuming and computer power consuming.Interconnected data (the most obvious example being the data from social networks) are everything but easy to tame with the above mechanism of creating more and more junction tables and additional elements to record the ever-increasing number of relationships between data items. The relational model t urns out to be too expensive and resource-consuming to express the richness and the interconnectedness of exponentially growing in volume and variety data.ThÐ µ huge amount of heterogeneous, diverse data that surround us is to be approached differently.Relationships as paths of (machine) understanding: Graph DatabasesOutside the tables of the relational databases, there lie paths that enable managing highly connected data, working with complex queries and having readily available relationships, without the need to express them explicitly.These are the paths of a graph database.To represent and store data, graph databases use graph structures (knowledge graphs). A graph is comprised of interconnected nodes (i.e., things) and edges (i.e., relationships between things). Edges are how you can assign properties to things.Also, instead of creating tables for each relationship separately, in a graph database you will just add edges (relationships) to corresponding nodes (things). Thus a n ode’s connection, in turn, is connected to all the other connections of this same node.To get back to our Flintstones example, all the tables that you’ve created for every relationship between Fred, Wilma, Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm, would be expressed the following way in a graph database: Thus, when you connect Bamm-Bamm to Pebbles, you also connect Bamm-Bamm to all of Pebble’s connections Fred, Wilma and with their other connections city, for example. The system will implicitly hold the information about where the father of Bamm-Bamm’s wife lives, without you having to keep a record of multiple joins and tables to retrieve it.Storing data in such a manner provides the flexibility to represent complex interconnected structures and to use the information they carry in the much simpler and effective way.When should you use a graph database?There’s simply nothing you can do with graph databases that you can’t with relational ones.That said, let’s take a look at how a graph database can help you do more with data. In a sense, with graph databases, data are allowed to organically grow and easily connect with more and more items. Click To TweetIt’s only natural to consider a graph database for complex data, with many connections, the pattern of which you want to track and know about. A graph database would smoothly incorporate new heterogenous data and serve as a framework for storing, managing and querying highly connected data.Graph databases are well-suited in any case when complex relationships between people, places, events, etc. are to be expressed. Typical use cases range from managing customers and personnel data, through storing and using intelligent content, to finance and investment management.More specific application of the graph database model include:resource planningperformance analysisfraud detectioncompliance managementcontent and asset managementrecommendationsproduction managementbusiness processes optimizationidentification of patterns and insightsintegration of heter ogeneous scientific dataenterprise search and navigation optimizationThe future of data storage and management The ability to pull data and connect them gives enterprises a significant edge when it comes to the granular understanding of the environment they operate in and the optimization of their key business processes. Click To TweetThis ability depends on the quality of the models chosen for data representation, storage and retrieval. The more accurately and efficiently the structure of a particular domain is mapped, represented and interconnected, the bigger the value and the potential of the digital data it creates each and every day.Still, the decision to build a home for all your data, neatly classified and labeled, related, interconnected and easily searchable is a matter of cost and benefit analysis.What is important is to acknowledge the opportunity for data to be turned into a resource, easily accessed and effectively used across the organization. As a database can serve not only as a storage cupboard for siloed archives but rather  as a springboard for knowledge discovery.

The Democratic System essays

The Democratic System essays The democratic political system has proved to be one of the best systems of government of all time. In a democratic system of government the majority rule is how decisions are reached. Usually with a vote from a group of people whether it be the elected officials in office, or the lower ranking registered voters. Special interest groups are constantly approaching the democratic political system. These groups consist of people that share the same views on a certain issue. They try to push their cause and convince elected government officials to support them. The United States is considered to be a highly organized technological society. Thanks to the massive amount of industry it has. The United States is very diverse with cultural, economic, educational, ethnic, and religious backgrounds of people. Since there is so much diversity special interest groups tend to form because of this. It is said that the United States is often a pluralist democracy according to theorists at David Trumans school. So many special interest groups are protesting their views, but wont be heard because of the large number of groups. So the government policy is the result of competition among the groups, which represent the varied interests of the people. The middle or upper class dominates these rival pressure groups, and group activities are dominated by people with business-related interests. What about the lower class? The middle and upper class rule the interest groups and the lower class have relatively little voice. The lower class is more likely to la sh out explosively rather than organizing peacefully. So much grievances have built up in the lower class that a reasonable approach is out of the question. Do special interest groups obstruct the principle of majority rule in a democratic political system? It is safe to say that interest groups do have pull in how decisions are made in government. They voice their opinion an...

Workforce Divesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workforce Divesity - Essay Example There is always cooperation between the employees. They have fun together and try to help that are in need. b. In IBM work force diversity being properly maintained great technologies and people from different walks of life are able to work together and could able to exchange mutual understanding. Work force diversity is having tremendous impact on cities. Cities are transforming into great industrial belts. As the industries grow there will be visible impact on the economy. Job opportunities grow and innumerable colonies are developed. The growth is multifold and the technology exchange migration takes place. All this is possible only when work force diversity is properly maintained. And this is being properly maintained and hence there is so much development in all the fields for example take the IT industry and the HR field which is the key area where the work force diversity has to be maintained and that too healthy. c. People of different cultures migrate to different cities in search of work. Different nations of people live in one city, like in New York representing unity in diversity with so many cultures and traditional values. Different languages are spoken. ... The technology is no more permitted, limited to a particular part of the world. It is exchanged in order to serve the public with the latest technology. The globe is no bigger. Work force diversity represents a single economy. Single technology, efficiency and quality of life should be of high standard. Because of work force diversity there is conspicuous change with the social life industries. One shall meat and come across different rest of different nationals represent at one place. Different sets of different nationals represent diversified cultures; different languages are spoken at one and the same place, and at one and the same time. They come to know each other from a closer proximity. The intimacies develop; relationships pave way for greater understanding. The social pavilion of life is set to rolling. Broader outlook develop into more knowledgeable and understanding environment. There will be a great impact on the urban sociology patterns of life. d. May be the chief architect of the work force diversity to take enormous pairs to create and design the super structure of the third world. Work force diversity has its own effects on every aspects of technology. Work force diversity has changed the way urban socialist use to link and express their thoughts. Of course wealth is also acting as a catalyst for the change in the thinking and living of the urban individuals. The new meaning of work force diversity is slowly changing, to be more precise it is altering the essence of socialist thinking. 3. a. For this assignment I get to some the top HR managers of the company and could learn a lot from them, they were equally busy but were also helping. The best part of the work force

Should firms price discriminate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should firms price discriminate - Essay Example Therefore, PD can be defined as the situation in which price charged to a customer can be based partly on the value of the good to the customer, rather than just on the cost of producing the good itself (Paul, 1987). As a result, allowing a firm to capture all or most of the consumer surplus, increasing overall profit of the firm. Although this definition is different, it highlights an importance of utility and consumer surplus theorems allowing us to analyze how firms might use their monopoly power. In other words, how PD could be applied, so maximum profit can be gained in different monopoly markets. First of all in order to discuss the usefulness of PD as a profit maximizing tool, we should identify the conditions that firm must meet in order to price discriminate. According to Fritz Machlup, (Fritz, 1955)there are three main prerequisites, firstly, a firm has to have the monopoly power in order to set the price. For example, if a firm is a price taker and its operates in perfectly competitive market it cannot price discriminate as demand curve is perfectly elastic, therefore there is no consumer surplus to capture, whereas if a firm is a monopoly it has a downward sloping demand curve therefore, there are some consumers who are willing to pay more than the uniform price. Secondly, for different groups of consumers it is necessary to have different price elasticity. For example, assume that all consumer groups have the same price elasticity then ceteris paribus; monopoly firm does not have an incentive to apply PD as the profit will be the same as a firm would have applied sing le price strategy. The third criteria, is that a firm must be able to prevent an arbitrage, in other words preventing resale of its products. For instance, why do Apple restricts on the number of IPhones that can be purchased, it is not because Apple products are exclusive, the reason is to prevent an arbitrage. Some people might buy IPhones in the US and sell them in the

Factors that contribute to quality of life

Factors that contribute to quality of life A report by Garavan, Winder and McGee (2001) Health and Social Services for Older People, Consulting Older People on Health and Social Services: A Survey of Use, Experiences and Needs concluded within its findings that older women viewed that they had a low quality of life. Stuart-Hamilton (2000) states that an element within the ageing concept is that men for varying reasons die at a greater rate than women after the age of 70 and that therefore it could be concluded that the ageing experience could be a longer process for women. The elderly population in Ireland is increasing in that according to Connell Pringle (2004) the projected population of older women in 2021 is expected to be between 375,000 and 389,000 which would indicate a rise of over 50 per cent from that in 2002. Ageing can be defined as the process of progressive change in the biological, psychological and social structure of individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aged 60 or over (Stein and Moritz, 1999;4). According to Greenstein (2006) social research is abstract in general in that the concepts are not easily measured because of the subjectivity of the topics and that a way of gaining a vague measure within the research is to ask the participants their level of satisfaction or dis-satisfaction in relation to the sub-themes. Ageing has a direct biological decline and because of this quality of life has been regarded to be directly linked by the health of the person versus ill-health. But health being defined by the World Health Organisation cited in (Bond and Corner, 2004:2) as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing have resulted in the concept that quality of life is much more complex and varied depending on other factors rather than being traditionally associated solely with health (Bond and Corner, 2004). Definition of Quality of Life Quality of life is not scientifically measureable in that it is very subjective to the individual depending on their experiences of ageing and that the terms well-being and life satisfaction are often used as a means of gaining an insight into the degree a person views that they are experiencing quality of life (Vincent, Phillipson and Downs, 2006). Research has shown that quality of life is subjective to the person, Abrams (1973) cited in (Bond and Corner, 2004:4) defines quality of life as the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction felt by people with various aspects of their lives. This literature review will act as a base for a thesis that will explore the views of older women in Cavan as to the factors that contribute to quality of life. The definition of what is quality of life is not easily determined and many authors offer different domains as the priority but in fact the priority will be subjective to what the individual older person measures as the most important aspect to them (Nay and Garratt, 2009). There has been much focus on what is quality of life in recent years in terms of social policies that have in turn directed service provision and providing care that is impacting positively on a persons quality of life according to Vincent et al (2006). Quality of life according to Nay and Garratt (2009) typically measures general health, physical, cognitive, sexual and emotional functioning while also measuring the happiness of the person but it is subjective to the person in that what one person views as important may differ from another person. Factors such as employment, social networks, social activities, self-identity, financial security and cognitive and physical function are considered to impact on quality of life (Renwick et al (2003) cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009). Also that quality of life in relation to older people is often used as an assessment measure of whether a service is supporting the needs of its clients in that it is not just a measure of quantity of life but that the life has quality within it so that the outcomes of supports or services are impacting positively on quality of life (Nay and Garratt, 2009). That measurement of quality of life is sometimes measured within one domain such as general health while others measure cover several domains. But in general the largest measurement of quality of life is the concept that it is directly connected to the health of the person and their satisfaction regarding their health (Nay and Garratt, 2009). Therefore Health Related Quality of Life is a term that is often used by service providers as a directive for their care provision (Nay and Garratt, 2009:352). Focusing quality of life within the domains of general health can create what is called the disability paradox in that older people rather than viewing their decline in health as an indicator of low quality of life that the expectation of inevitable physical and health decline has resulted in other factors such as social networks and their overall well-being as the domains used to measure their view of quality of life and that it is presumptuous to view that general health is the sole measure of quality of life (Carr and Higginson, (2001) cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009:353). According to Vincent et al (2006) people will view health, social networks and standard of living as important factors within their lives but that the importance of the factors will vary as the person proceeds along their life course. Research sources have shown the complexity in defining the key factors within quality of life and the initial reading by the researcher highlighted that the many elements could be loosely grouped within three sub-themes in relation to quality of life: (1) physical factors general health and physical mobility, (2) economic factors income, and standard of living and (3) social structure factors social networks, cultural environment but further reading has emphasised that even though these concepts are applicable that expanding them further will allow greater exploration and description. In that according to Stuart-Hamilton (2000) that focusing on a narrow of domains could result in some domains appearing more important within the research than they possibly are. That domains such as health, income, and environment have an impact on a persons life satisfaction in general and are all inter-related but that the personality of the person will also impact on the how they measure their life satisfaction (Stuart-Hamilton, 2000). Walker (2005) suggests that as quality of life has no distinct key factors that most research focuses on health, environment, employment and relationships. That the environment has within it the physical, social, cultural and economic elements that can either enhance or reduce quality of life. Health has within it general health and the physical, mental and emotional health of the person. Employment covers income and can be related to the wealth of the person. The key concepts with regard to quality of life as suggested by Hughes (1990) cited in Bond and Corner (2004) are: (1) Physical environmental factors which include quality of accommodation, access to public services such as shops, transport and other public services such as libraries and other leisure outlets. (2) Social environmental factors which include family members, social networks, the level of support obtainable from family and social networks and the levels of leisure activities that the person is involved in. (3) Socio-economic factors which include the general standard of living, the income available to the person and other means of wealth. (4) Cultural factors which include the age, class, gender and religious leaning of the person. (5) Health factors which include general health, mental well-being of the person and physical mobility. (6) Personality factors which include whether the person is an optimist or pessimist, will all impact on the subjectivity by the person on their measure of life satisfaction. (7) Autonomy factors which include the degree that a person has the capability to make their own decisions. (8) Satisfaction subjective to the individual the level of satisfaction over all the areas of their life that they judge as important. There is no definitive on what factors contribute to quality of life, therefore (Arnold (1991); McDowell Newell (1996) cited in Nay and Garratt 2009:355) suggest that the measurement of quality of life should include objective indices such as economic circumstances and housing, those that measure subjective aspects such as morale, happiness and life satisfaction and those that contain both objective and subjective components, such as health related quality of life But according to Bond and Corner (2004) the subjective and objective aspects are interrelated an illustration of this being in that the objective element of health related quality of life could be subjectively not important to the older person who as of yet has not experienced any health issues that they view as impacting on their quality of life. There is a view according to Stuart-Hamilton (2000) within society that the busier the life of an older person the more quality of life that they have. That the subjective measure of life satisfaction can be directly linked to the activities that an older person participates in that give a meaning to their life can be directly linked to one of the theories of ageing Activity Theory (Bond and Corner, 2004). That an indicator of life satisfaction can be the degree that an older person maintains activities within their community, in that the more activities indicate higher levels of life satisfaction. Bond and Corner (2004) disagree and agree with elements of this theory in that they state that although social networks and activities can maintain and support physical and mental health such as reducing depression that ageing has a biological element that can impact on health and reduces an older persons social network as confidantes become ill or eventually die and that it is wrong to e xpect an older person to engage in levels of activities to the degree that they did when they were much younger. Stuart-Hamilton (2000) suggests the concept that engaging in activities for the sake of them does not allow the older person the ability to make their own choices and that within the provision of services for older people that by assuming that any activity is better than none could be directly linked to the application of Disengagement theory whereby it is believed that the older person accepts that death is eventual and therefore prepares for death by choosing to dis-engage from society and that also it has a function of reinforcing the expected process of ageing in Western Society. Personality: And its link to health: One element within a persons personality is that it will relate to their choices with regard to their lifestyle such as diet, exercise all which can aid the life expectancy of a person but what if the persons personality has within it a negative outlook will this impact on how they view the ageing process and the biological decline and that rather than trying to improve their physical well-being by a healthier lifestyle that they approach death and illness as unavoidable and then reduce their activities and disengage from society (Stuart-Hamilton, 2000). Link between psychological well-being and personality and health: Research has shown a link between physical well-being and mental well-being in that according to Whitbourne (1987) cited in Stuart-Hamilton (2000) people that exercised and had levels of what they measured as physical well-being had a general feeling of overall well-being but therefore could it be said that people that have a poor physical well-being are more less satisfied with life (Stuart-Hamilton, 2000). Personality: Preference for lifestyle link: That the personality of a person whether they are an introvert or extrovert will also impact on the lifestyle they choose in that if they are an introvert it will probably follow that as they are older that they will not seek out social activities (Stuart-Hamilton, 2000). Disengagement theory Cumming and Henry, (1961) as cited in Stuart-Hamilton, (2000) suggest that as people get older that they automatically start to disengage from society in degrees as if in preparation for death and this is also supported by society in that the structures have come to expect this disengagement. This disengagement according to Stuart-Hamilton (2000) can be as a result of many factors such as illness, loss of family members, low income that does not provide for activities and also their personality type in that what if they are introvert or extrovert and that disengagement theory has been criticised for the overall image that older people are cutting ties with society in preparation for inevitable death. According to Maddox (1970) cited in Stuart-Hamilton, (2000) this disengagement may simply be a an aspect of the persons personality and that it is not an element of ageing at all. Merriman (1984) cited in Stuart-Hamilton (2000) also criticises disengagement theory an d states that ageing policies within many countries encourage that older people have an high profile within their community. Activity theory was proposed as a way of combating disengagement theory according to Stuart-Hamilton (2000) in that it was proposed that the more activities that an older person engaged in the better their life satisfaction. But this does not allow for choices for the older person and what if their personality is such that enforced activities is wrong (Stuart-Hamilton, 2000). Issues related to measuring Quality of Life There are issues relating to the measurement of quality of life in that the domains are both subjective and objective. The objective indices, such as economic circumstances and housing; those that measure purely subjective aspects, such as morale, happiness, and life satisfaction; and those that contain both objective and subjective components, such as Health Related Quality of Life measures (Arnold, (1991) cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009:355). Vincent et al (2006) agrees that there are both objective and subjective domains but unlike Nay and Garratt (2009) attributes social factors within the objective domains by stating that the number of social networks that a person has is objectively measureable but that the quality of these social networks is a subjective element. Likewise Vincent et al (2006) states that health although measureable in terms of whether an illness was present and therefore objectively measureable that the domain is also subjective in that the importance of health to quality of life will depend on what the individual views health to be. The view by Vincent et al (2006) that the meaning of what is health is subjectively defined by the individual is illustrated by the disability paradox as per (Carr and Higginson, (2001) cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009:353). In that older people rather than viewing their decline in health as an indicator of low quality of life in that the expectation of inevitable physical and health decline have resulted in other factors such as social networks as the domains used to measure their view of quality of life and that it is therefore presumptuous to view that general health is the sole measure of quality of life (Nay and Garratt, 2009). Anderson Bury (1988) cited in Vincent et al (2006) state that people can adjust to illness and develop coping skills so that the illness no longer factors as a significant domain to the person and this would therefore affect the measurement of health within quality of life research. Health and physical functioning as an objective measure in the domains of quality of life are mentioned continually and can in its simplest form according to Nay and Garratt (2009) be that if a person has a condition or range of illnesses be considered to have a low quality of life. But what if the adjustments suggested by Anderson Bury (1988) cited in Vincent et al (2006) were accommodations such as medication or lifestyle changes and were to adjust how the illness impacts on the person could it then be considered that although the health status remains the same but that the accommodations have resulted in the meaning of what is health to not be defined by illness or physical functioning. Therefore in relation to this research the aim is to explore the subjectivity of what the participant views as health and if any accommodations have impacted on the meaning of what is health. Economic factors such as standard of living are objectively measured according to Nay and Garratt (2009) in that income can be an indicator of a standard of living but according to Vincent et al (2006) this objective measure has to be balanced by the subjective measure of what is the expectation of a standard of living and according to Stuart Hamilton (2000) will be directly linked to past experiences of standard of living in that if a person has in the past had a particular standard of living the subjective measure will be linked to whether the same standard of living was expected by the person or not. Therefore in relation to this research with regard to economic factors as a domain within quality of life previous standard of living and expectations of standard of living as an older person and direct experience will be explored. According to Vincent et al (2006) quality of life has no scientific measurement that can define the exact objective degree of quality of life because there are so many variations of what is quality of life. That the experience of life may support or contradict what the objective measure describes as quality of life. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Quantitative methods are often the means of gaining information regarding what is quality of life but using quantitative methods will not allow for the subjectivity of individual experiences and their views on quality of life. That using structured questionnaires still conform to the researchers view of quality of life and does not allow for the exploration of the views of the older person. That these approaches do not allow for the symbolic nature and meaning of life to the individual (Vincent et al, 2006:158). Taking the view that as the person proceeds along the life course that their view of life will remain the same. Stuart Hamilton (2000) suggests that the life course Another challenge in relation to measuring quality of life and with particular reference to older people is that there can be such differences between each person in that as they age the experience in relation to physical, social, emotional, sexual and cognitive functioning is not as homogenous an experience and that these differing experiences will impact on what factors are key to quality of life (Stewart et al (1996) cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009). The setting that the older person lives within will impact greatly on the factors that are viewed as contributors to quality of life in that if a person is living within a residential unit that this group orientated setting will have different routines and rules in comparison to an older person living within community in general, and that for those within a residential setting that research has shown that dignity, self-determination and participation and accommodation of resident needs were considered to be the factors that impacted on quality of life (Nay and Garratt, 2009:357). That measurement of quality of life needs to consider the domains that are considered contributors within quality of life and that how the research is conducted in that the way that questions are asked can create a bias. As already stated biological decline is a natural aspect of ageing therefore if an indicator of quality of life were to be considered the level of physical functioning it would be inappropriate to ask the participant if they were physically able to do as much and for as long as they used to when they were younger and that this would not be a realistic indicator of quality of life according to Nay and Garratt, (2009). Measurement tools are World Health Organisation Quality of Life Instrument (whoqol) (Skevington et al 2004), cited in Nay and Garratt, 2009. Conclusion This literature review has explored the concept of quality of life and that the factors that are considered to contribute to quality of life are varied and can contain subjective and objective components and that older people in order to measure quality of life should not be viewed as a homogenous group.

Essay --

Tiffany Rivera Prior to 1860 there was great sectionalism in the United States between the northern and southern states. The Southern states and Northern states were always in competition for power. Various compromises were proposed by the opposing sides but eventually failed. The Civil War, election of President Lincoln and Reconstruction Era caused great change in the US. Constitutional developments such as the Emancipation Proclamation, three civil rights bills, and the Reconstruction Era impacted the lives on freedmen. Social developments such as the Freedmen's Bureau, the Black Codes, and the Ku Klux Klan were also revolutionary especially to the lives of the freedmen. One may say the election of President Lincoln was revolutionary. When the southern states realized their insignificance in terms of political power compared to the northern states, the southern states seceded from the union. South Carolina believed they had the constitutional right to secede from the Union because it was not stated in the Constitution it was illegal to do so and should be left to state power. (Doc A) The southern states also feared that if the North gained enough power they would abolish slavery completely. The fear of the northern states becoming too powerful and failure of compromise between the northern and southern states had led to the Civil War. An outcome of this conflict would be the Emancipation Proclamation, 13th-15th Amendments, and the abolition of slavery in the South. This angered southerners since it endangered their Agrarian economy through the use of slavery. Another outcome would be President Lincoln adding an amendment which made it illegal for a ny state to secede from the Union, helping preserve the Union of the nation af... ...articipation in government politically. (Doc. G) This was due to the passing of the three civil rights bills. During the Reconstruction Era, blacks were also offered education, which increased opportunity for the blacks. Some whites from the south disliked the Klu Klux Klan Act and felt that it gave the federal government too much power. (Doc H) The Force Acts were however essential during this time. Thomas Nast shows that the Klu Klux Klan was endangering the lives of the former slaves. (Doc I) All of these events greatly impacted the lives of the freedmen of the nation. This also affected the nation as a whole in terms of rights and power and in many ways strengthened the federal government. During the years 1860-1877, many constitutional and social developments were revolutionary. This changed the nation as a whole including the lives of the freedmen and whites.